Friday, 30 March 2012

Week 9- Professional 30/3/12

This week has involved stolen chocolate, a middle of the night mosquito attack, a diagnosis of ringworm, hanging out with some cheetahs, our second rafting experience, gorge walking, our first African sunset, an emotional goodbye, a scary visit to immigration with our out-of-date visas, and plenty of singing! But our main activity this week has been dissertation writing.

In an attempt to get really into our work this week we decided to find a new work place which turned out to be the other Jollyboys which is much quieter and a lovely working environment. This has led to us having a very productive week and making a lot of headway with our dissertations.

Introducing my Grade 6 class to
Where the Wild Things Are- my
favourite picture book.
The topic I have chosen to write about for my study is the use of stories within the classroom and this idea came about after I did a module in Children’s Literature last semester and became quite interested in this area of study. Researching the topic has been really interesting and although I have always thought of myself as a ‘maths person’, I am becoming more and more interested in literacy and creative ways of teaching it in the classroom. This is definitely a positive development since “literacy is an essential life skill”, and allows pupils access to the rest of the curriculum (APPG for Education, 2011, p. 4).



My research is helping me to think about how I can teach more creatively and incorporating stories seems to be a very useful approach in teaching literacy, but also the rest of the curriculum areas as well. In our teaching here, Harriet and I tried using stories in the classroom as a way of settling the children, to teach literacy and also just for the enjoyment of the pupils. We had brought storybooks from home, had access to some more within the school library, and bought some in a local bookshop. The way the children responded to the storybooks really surprised me; they were so excited and really couldn’t get enough of them! Reading stories aloud to the whole class was quite effective, although follow-up questions showed that not all the children had understood the stories; this was probably due to the language being too difficult or our accents. But the best outcomes were when we let the children have ‘free-time’ with the books. Some of the children would read together, others would leaf through the book by themselves, and some others would want us to read to them or they would read the book to us, which was a really lovely experience.
Having some silent reading time.
What these interactions with story books have shown me, is just how much of a difference resources can have on pupil learning. For many of the pupils, using the storybooks meant higher levels of motivation, effort and enthusiasm, more positive behaviour and overall a better attitude towards the learning. Holt and Mooney (1996, p. 149) agree with these observations, saying that using stories “builds a positive attitude towards learning”.

It is just a shame that it is so difficult for teachers here to gain access to resources; so many of us take this for granted at home. The Ministry of Education in Zambia make reference to this point noting how “The individual today is precipitated into a world abounding with resources but marred by their misuse, rich in products but impoverished by their uneven distribution” (1992, p. 212). It is really eye-opening coming to a developing country and seeing how little they have, and how few resources teachers have to use.

I am hoping that my teaching will have benefitted from this placement in the sense that I have been able to make lessons more interesting and interactive using very basic resources, rather than relying heavily on things like whiteboards, computers, and expensive, mass-produced teaching resources.
Trying to make the most of the resources we have- 
a science lesson on food nutrients and our home made maths games!

As I mentioned in the opening to this blog, we have had a busy week of exciting, surreal, scary and some negative experiences! The worst part of my week was the diagnosis of ringworm- a quite unsightly, itchy, but not serious, skin infection which has made me highly infectious to both myself and everyone else. At the moment it is only on my arm though which I can cope with, so hopefully it won’t spread anywhere else, although I keep waking up in the middle of the night resting my face on my arm! Harriet’s low of the week came in the middle of the night when she woke up from a nightmare about a mosquito biting her face and found an actual mosquito in her net, who had been feasting ferociously on her face! After finding and killing the mosquito she looked in the mirror to find quite a few bites on her face which luckily went down by the next morning. I slept through this whole drama and unfortunately didn’t offer much support the next day, only to mention the fact that mosquitoes definitely like her better than me, since aside from my many bites when I didn’t use insect repellent, I very rarely get bitten!

On a more positive note, we have had a couple of brilliant experiences this week, and I am always surprised at how Africa seems to continuously amaze us. Our second experience of rafting was very different to the first, and after not flipping or falling out of the raft at all the first time, this time I was thrown out on the first rapid. This scared me and I spent much of the rest of the experience absolutely terrified, while also loving it, and Harriet spent most of the time laughing at the expression on my face which must have summed up how I was feeling pretty well. In the end, I absolutely loved every moment and although I wasn’t quite as enthusiastic as Harriet was at the time for the huge waves, I will definitely look back on it as one of the best (and scariest) experiences of the trip.

Another ‘wow’ experience was getting to visit the cheetahs and lions, and it was a bonus since we got it for free, avoiding the $110 charge. It definitely helps when you get friendly with the locals, and everyone here is so willing to help out the two muzungo teachers! The experience was a bit surreal and although my favourite was Simba the white lion, being able to sit beside the cheetahs and pet them as though they were just a cat or dog, was an amazing experience and will be another highlight of the trip.

A bit of an emotional part of the week was saying goodbye to our best friends at Jollyboys- our adopted Grandparents Pat and Gordon. After being here for the whole duration of our stay, it will be quite strange not having them around to talk to, and it was always nice to come home from somewhere and have someone who cared about how your day had been, asking us about school, dissertation or our exciting weekend plans. That’s one of the difficult things about being here, you meet so many amazing people but goodbyes are always difficult, especially when the reality is you probably won’t see them again, but then again they bring something to your trip and will always be part of the memories.

References
APPG for Education, (2011) ‘Report of the Inquiry into Overcoming the Barriers to Literacy’, July 2011.
Holt, D. & Mooney, B. (1996) The Storyteller’s Guide. Arkansas: August House Inc.
Ministry of Education (1992) ‘The Role of Education’. IN. M. J. Kelly. The Origins and Development of Education in Zambia (2nd Edition). Lusaka: Image Publishers Ltd.

Friday, 23 March 2012

Week 8- Personal 23/3/12

“You can play a tune of sorts on the white keys, and you can play a tune of sorts on the black keys, but for harmony you must use both the black and white keys”. James E. K. Aggrey.

This quote by Ghanaian James E. K. Aggrey sums up something which has been on my mind for a few weeks now, but specifically this past week. Aggrey wanted to empower black people and ensure that, children in particular, knew how important they were and the important place they had in the world, regardless of their colour or what other people told them.

Livingstone is a town with many different cultures within it and there are people from many of the various Zambian tribes, as well as the white community, living in close proximity. Over the past number of weeks we have spent time socialising with the local muzungus (white people) and every time we do this I am forced to look at the relationship between the black locals and the white locals. It seems that it is very unlikely that the whites and blacks would socialise together and the relationship between the two races is usually a working one; most, if not all, of the white locals have at least one maid, a gardener, and sometimes a security guard, working for them. My experience of the interactions between the two has shown that there doesn’t seem to be much respect for the black people by the whites, although the blacks are very respectful towards the whites, but this appears to be more like respect for someone of a higher status rather than mutual respect of a peer. The worlds in which each live can be very different and in some cases I think wealth is the issue; where there are many black people living together in the communities around the outskirts of town, in very basic accommodation and with very little resources to live on, I think it would be highly unlikely to find a white person living like this. The white locals all seem to have their own houses and although they may live out of town, this is usually because they own land and have built their own property. However, I don’t think wealth is always the issue, as there are many black locals who are quite well-off but there is still a very clear barrier between the two skin colours.

It is not fair for me to make judgements on this matter since I don’t know much about life here, only what I have seen in eight weeks, but I do know that I am being encouraged to think about my own views on the matter.

I was brought up to think of everyone as an equal and my faith has also encouraged me to adopt this attitude, and I hope that I have practiced this view throughout my life, but I must say that previously to coming here I had given little thought to racial issues. As well as being right in the middle of a culture with whites and blacks living side by side, I think reading the book The Help whilst being here has also heightened my interest in this area. I do fear that being in the centre of this, and being made more aware of the differences between white and black, could influence my views in a negative way. However, I am trying to ensure that rather than just sticking to spending time with the white people I have met, that I am also immersing myself in the black community, speaking to locals from the town that approach us and also seeing what life is like in the villages.

I am very grateful that this experience is challenging me to think about my own views and also develop an interest in this area, as it is one which I haven’t previously explored in much detail. I hope that I will always hold and practice the attitude expressed by Aggrey in the quote at the beginning of this blog; that for this world to work, it requires every single person in it, regardless of their colour!

Aside from thinking about my views on race, I have also done some work this week! We have now finished our first week of dissertation writing and our spirits have been somewhat dampened by the thought of having to read literature, gather ideas, form arguments, collect data, make conclusions, and ultimately write a whole dissertation!

Our positivity and socialising before dissertation began...
It has been a difficult week trying to get into a working mode which doesn’t involve lesson plans and teaching for five hours each day; I think we would both like to go back six weeks and just be teaching again! An added pressure was that we were still going to school every morning this week, although only for an hour, we still found ourselves coming home needing to do preparation for school while also having the thought of having to do the dissertation in the back of our minds. Fortunately, we are now finished, a week after we were really meant to stop going to school. Some of the residents at Jollyboys have been telling us that we just made extra work for ourselves this week, which is true, but I think both of us were feeling quite attached to the literacy programme that we had been implementing and we didn’t want to feel like we’d only half done the job, so the extra week has now settled us.


    
Taking some time out of writing to visit the orphanage. 

We have been quite anti-social this week and aside from a braai last weekend we haven’t done much involving other people. In relation to braais, although it seemed like we were here such a long time until we eventually got one, I think I have now reached my limit of how many I will enjoy. The problem is that braais aren’t quite like BBQs at home, well not like the ones I have anyway. When I imagine a BBQ I think of hot dogs, burgers, maybe some chicken or a kebab, but here it’s all about steak and since I don’t like steak this means that braais aren’t really a hit for me. I am all for trying new things whilst being here and I have eaten steak (out of politeness and sometimes I was just too hungry to care what I was eating!) but I think it is safe to say that once I leave Africa I will not have any desire to eat steak again!
We have found that we appreciate the simple things out here, usually coming in the form of food! Hopefully that will keep us going through dissertation writing. This is me having one of our "celebratory three weetabix" which is kept for special occasions! 


Our plans for the week ahead involve dissertation writing, dissertation writing and some more dissertation writing. We are both hoping for a spurt of motivation which will just send us in the right direction; somewhere nearer to the end of writing. If only dissertation writing was as easy as writing emails or even blogs! 

 

Saturday, 17 March 2012

Week 7- Professional 16/3/12

With our Grade 6 class on our last day teaching.
Unbelievably we have now finished our six weeks of teaching in Zambezi Basic School. This has been a very different placement to those we have had a home, and there were everyday challenges such as using a blackboard rather than a whiteboard, writing lesson plans by hand, teaching where English isn’t the first language, co-teaching, trying to discipline the children and trying to make lessons interesting with the blackboard being your only resource. There have also been some more random challenges, for example, this week I ended up running out of school after one of the pupils, and having to convince him to come back to school after he was pinched on the cheek by the class teacher! I think both Harriet and I embraced all these challenges and although we didn’t get it right all the time, this is all part of the learning process!
 
One of the huge differences with being in a school here is that you feel like a qualified teacher and teachers look to you for guidance, whereas at home you are the student and you get guidance from the class teacher. At first I found this very difficult because I felt like we had no one we could go to for advice and help when things went wrong, and this problem intensified during the past two weeks since our class teacher left us to cover another Grade 6 class. However, it is great to get this kind of experience because I always feel that I rely too heavily on the class teacher when they are in the room especially for discipline issues.
Harriet and I with the class teacher.
Obviously I have had Harriet and although initially I was quite nervous about co-teaching, I have really enjoyed the experience. I think I will now find it easier to guide the work of other adults (referring to competency sixteen, GTCNI, 2004), as Harriet and I are constantly giving each other guidance on what we need the other to do depending on who is doing the main teaching at the time. Another benefit of co-teaching is that the workload isn’t quite as heavy and I found it really beneficial to plan with another person, especially since mine and Harriet’s ideas usually complemented each other and when one of us was struggling with ideas the other was usually able to come up with something. I think I will really miss having another person alongside me on teaching practice next year!

The GTCNI (2004) refers to behaviour management in competencies seven and twenty-two, and obviously being able to cope with negative behaviour, enforce strategies for positive behaviour and control behaviours in the classroom is a hugely important part of my professional development. Unfortunately this is an area that I don’t feel very confident in and I know I still have a lot of learning to do. I feel that rather than improving my behaviour management skills, this placement has really just shown me how loudly I can shout (not very) and taught me how to cope with a sore throat! Behaviour management is very difficult because the children have never been taught that hitting each other, jumping off tables, talking over the top of someone else, or interrupting are behaviours which aren’t appropriate, so when me or Harriet try to stop them they usually just look at us with a confused expression!
An interactive science lesson based on 'food labelling'.
Overall, teaching in Zambezi Basic has been a really enjoyable practice and although I am always sad to see the end of teaching practice, I feel particularly attached to this placement and now find myself feeling like I want to keep going. We have implemented a lot of new strategies such as daily spellings, mental maths starters, maths games, interactive activities, and streamed literacy classes, which seem to have had really positive effects judging by feedback from pupils, teachers and even parents, and I am worried that things will just go back to normal now that we have left. All we can hope for is that we made a positive impact on the pupils over the past six weeks and that the teachers have learnt some positive teaching methods from us. I know that I have learnt a lot and I am certain that my time here will have a lasting impact on my professional development.
Playing our favourite maths game, 'super fingers'.
Teaching was very much our main focus this week and we spent quite a lot of time preparing our final lessons, talking with the teachers about continuing some of the implemented strategies, beginning dissertation preparation, sorting out resources to give to the school, finding presents for the children and just doing all the general ‘finishing up’. This means that our social life was not quite as hectic as it has been in previous weeks! But this wasn’t a problem as both of us are the type who definitely need our sleep and we both get very excited when we are in bed by 10pm knowing we will get a good eight hours of sleep!

We got paid a huge compliment this week when one of the workers at Jollyboys, whose son is in our class at school, spoke to the owner of Jollyboys saying how much his son’s attitude toward school had changed over the past weeks with us teaching. He mentioned how much his son was enjoying our classes; he was now getting excited for school in the mornings and most importantly, he understood a lot more of what he was being taught. This was such a boost for both of us and it really is the ultimate motivation for any teacher- that you could encourage a child to have a positive attitude towards learning and give them an enjoyable, beneficial education where they really are learning something.

Enjoying a free trip to the Falls!
Last weekend we had another public holiday on the Monday, this time for Youth Day so we got a long weekend! We had a brilliant Saturday and thanks to us now knowing some of the locals we were treated to a complimentary all you can eat breakfast and also a free trip to the Falls! We met the head chef of the Zambezi Sun, one of the upmarket hotels in Livingstone, and he was really eager to have breakfast with us, free of charge on his Saturday morning off. Harriet and I were a bit overwhelmed by the luxuriousness of it all, we aren’t used to being waited on and the staff were all so attentive because they were serving their boss! There was far too much to choose from and as usual we both ate much more than we needed; fruit, cereal, omelette, sausages, bacon, croissants, waffles and juice. Afterwards we were all in need of a good walk to walk off our huge breakfast and we got into the Falls free of charge because of the relationship between the hotel and the park. A shower at the Falls was a great activity on a Saturday morning and again I just fell even more in love with the spectacular views all around us. On our way back we got stopped by some people filming for Lonely Planet and got interviewed on our experience of the Falls. It was all very embarrassing and awkward but good fun at the same time, so if it ever airs I’m sure we will have a laugh at ourselves as we were soaking wet and I’m sure our accents will sound terrible! Then on Sunday we went on the African Queen Cruise which was a really lovely, relaxing experience and we both just love doing anything that involves being out on the river.
Relaxing on the African Queen. 
This week we start into our dissertation work which neither of us are really looking forward to because of the lack of literature out here for us to do the research, but I think we just need to get started and get stuck in! We are also going to be attending school for the first hour every morning (not losing the 6am starts just yet!) to continue our implementation of a streamed literacy concept, but this will be a good way to get us out of bed early and working! 

Friday, 9 March 2012

Week 6- Cultural 9/3/12

Zambezi Basic School's Woman's Day group.

This week we got to take part in a brilliant cultural celebration for International Women’s Day. Woman’s Day is a very big deal in Zambia, it is a public holiday so that all the women can come together to take part in a huge parade which involves groups of women from businesses, schools, churches and other organisations parading down the main street. The traffic is stopped, children are off school, people come out to the street to watch, all the women have outfits made from the same material within each group, and there is an event organised at the end where some of the women perform, and there are speeches and prayers. As we experienced this day I couldn’t help but think there is no way that this would happen in Northern Ireland!

A group of policewomen parading.
The day started off a bit stressful when we couldn’t find any of the teachers from our school and we started to panic because we were twenty minutes after the 8am meeting time and thought maybe they had already started parading. However, when the first and second teacher arrived just after 9am (an hour late) we were asked “ohh did you come early?” Luckily we haven’t had too many bad experiences with ‘African time’ but I don’t think being here is going to help my punctuality!

Getting ready for Woman's Day!
The day was really empowering for women and the women greeted each other saying “happy women’s day” and they are all told to enjoy THEIR day. It is a day which allows women to feel important and one of the speeches noted how women are able to do everything that men can do (this seems to be quite a big issue here as we have also seen motivational signs in the school playground encouraging girls to compete with boys). The atmosphere was really lovely and there was a real togetherness and I was again reminded how proud a culture the Zambian one is. Many of the locals seemed excited to see ‘muzungus’ in the parade and we were embraced into the tradition with people shaking our hand and waving at us as though we were famous!

With our two 'favourite' teachers and
some policewomen!
Women’s Day also opened my eyes to what is seen as respectful in terms of dress in this culture. The print was chosen by the teachers and then we were given a number of styles to choose from. All the styles that we were shown ensured covered shoulders and knees and one of the other teachers who opted for a dress which went just below her knees was told it was a bit too short. I also found the teachers pulling my dress down over my knees when I sat down, always ensuring that I was well covered. This shows a very reserved culture and the way a person dresses can have a big reaction from other locals. Another example of this was when we were travelling on the bus to the orphanage this week and a man started shouting at a woman who was on the bus with her young children. They were speaking in different languages so apart from the odd sentence shouted in English we didn’t really know what was going on, but it seemed like something major and the arguing went on for at least twenty minutes. After asking another local we were informed that the man had been telling the woman how much of a disgrace she was for wearing make-up, that she was setting a bad example for her children and there was a lot of reference to the Bible and how the woman was sinning. This was quite shocking as at home a young woman wearing make-up would never have such a reaction from a stranger on a bus!

Signs in the school playground emphasising equality between boys and girls.

The day finished off with a teacher’s lunch, very different to one at home; we all sat together on the grass in the Civic Centre and ate chicken and chips from the local fast food restaurant ‘The Hungry Lion’ (the Zambian equivalent of KFC!). Overall, it was a lovely day and it was lovely to be a part of such an important day in the Zambian culture.

The teacher's lunch at the end of the celebration.

This week we had very little planned but this turned out to be a great thing since it allowed us to take any opportunity that came to us resulting in us attending our first Braai (and also another three!), spending some time getting to know local muzungus, going to ‘Margarita Wednesday’, and getting to do jet boating! Braais are a really common thing here and we were getting quite annoyed that after five weeks here we hadn’t had any braais, but we certainly made up for it this week attending four. It was also brilliant having someone else cooking for us five nights this week and definitely made our shopping bill much cheaper! After meeting one of the white muzungus we have now started socialising a lot more and meeting many more people other than just travellers passing through Jollyboys. It is good to meet people who are going to be staying around because it can be a bit sad when we meet someone that we get on with really well but then three days later they leave, and me and Harriet have discovered that we are both very alike in that we get attached to people very quickly!

Today we started off our weekend with some jet boating after school; not a bad way to spend a Friday afternoon! We got a discounted rate too which was definitely a bonus (it pays to make friends with the locals!) and both really enjoyed the afternoon. We both get very excited about spending time in the river whether it’s to go swimming, rafting, jet boating, or just to sail on it for a cruise, so any opportunity to go and we are there!

Jet boating!
We have a nice long weekend ahead of us due to another bank holiday on Monday for Youth Day and then we are into our last four days at school. It’s hard to believe just how fast it is going and we have really settled into school life now so I think we will both be very sad to see the end of our placement next Friday. The time really is just flying in and we are now half way through our time in Livingstone! But we are really making the most of every opportunity here, loving every experience and we are definitely going by the quote given to me before I left by my Mum- “don’t count the days, make the days count”! 

Friday, 2 March 2012

Week 5- Cultural 2/3/12

Mulibuti (‘Hello, how are you?’ In Chi Tonga)

Another week has passed in Livingstone and as always I could write all day about the adventures we have had and the amazing experiences that seem to be happening in our everyday lives here. However, as I don’t have all day and only have five hundred words, this week I have chosen to focus on my cultural development.

As I have previously mentioned, the Zambian culture has been one which I have adapted to very well with it being such a friendly, laid back, positive culture. These traits are easy to spot as you walk down a street or through the market place and see the locals spending time together, chatting and making a living, all without a sense of urgency or desperation even though a lot of the locals have so little. Since being in Africa I honestly don’t think I have heard any of the locals complain, the only complaints I have heard have been by me and Harriet, and other travellers passing through Jollyboys! The teachers at school, the staff at Jollyboys, the people we meet in the streets, the children we teach- they are all so thankful for what they have and have such a positive outlook on life. Every morning before class the children sweep their classroom without complaint and they do other duties around the school grounds like gardening and tidying. It forces me to make a comparison with our culture and I am immediately aware of how much I complain in a day, and usually over really small things which aren’t that big a deal in the scheme of things.

Spending time at the orphanage has been a brilliant experience to help me understand that people here are very content with what they have, although in some cases this may be very little. The children don’t have a lot of toys to play with or books to read but they manage to entertain themselves with simple things, like dancing and singing while one of them uses a bucket for a drum, or playing a traditional game with a handful of stones (they have tried to teach me and Harriet but we are hopeless at it!).


We explored the Zambian culture further this week when we taught a series of lessons based on ‘postcards’ with our Grade 6 class, which involved us telling the children about Northern Ireland and letting them ask questions, and then the children wrote about their own country as though they were writing to a Northern Irish school child. This was such a worthwhile activity and it was really inspiring seeing what the children wrote about their country, saying things like “we are a peaceful nation” and “Zambia is good to us”. These children like all the other local people we have met, are so proud of their country and are really truly happy to be Zambian! We also learnt a lot of facts about Zambia; the children told us about the ten provinces of Zambia, Freedom Day, their president and we even learnt some of the seventy three languages. We thought it was quite bad that we have been in Zambia for five weeks now and hadn’t learnt any of the local language so for a morning the pupils became our teachers and gave us some greetings in the languages of Chi Tonga, Bemba, Lozi, and Cinyanga. They have been quizzing us all week to make sure we have been doing our ‘homework’ and learning what they taught us!
Example of one of the postcards made by one of the pupils.

I really am falling in love with this culture and the people here really are beautiful people! As well as gaining an appreciation for this culture, being here is also making me think more about my own culture and see the things I take for granted at home.

A further cultural experience this week was going to Zimbabwe for the weekend, to see the other side of the Falls. Again the views were breath-taking and I couldn’t stop taking pictures of the stunning scenery that was around it. It was strange to be out of Livingstone and the town of Victoria Falls probably couldn’t be more different than Livingstone, with its fancy hotels, air-conditioned gift shops, chain restaurants (they had a Spur restaurant- the steak house in Victoria Square!), casino and lots of Victoria Falls souvenirs (or tack…). It was really good to see this little town but I know that it is not a true representation of Zimbabwe, or indeed Africa, and it was definitely a town built for tourists.
Looking at the view of the bridge between Zambia and Zimbabwe.

The view of the Falls from the amazing Victoria Falls Hotel which is total luxury!

Otherwise this week has been quite quiet with us starting to think about writing our dissertations and getting our ideas together. It has been a really good week at school, especially today which was just a lovely way to end the week. We had a very relaxed day with the children reading out their postcards, then writing some name poems (amazingly the children had never heard of a ‘poem’), and then doing some CTS where we taught about fertiliser (the curriculum differs greatly in some areas to ours at home!), and finishing off with our new favourite class game- Giants, Wizards and Elves! After school a lot of the pupils walked home some of the way with us and it was lovely to chat to them and hear what they would be doing over the weekend. Another thing that made a fantastic end to the week was getting a package from home! The excitement when I got my little slip of paper at Jollyboys saying I had a package waiting, at the same time as also getting a letter from my Granny, was very exciting and it made me very motivated to get to an internet cafĂ©, write my blog and do the shopping all within two hours so that I could get to the post office in time! Two visits to the post office later I finally got the package and it was worth the wait! I can now eat all the chocolate I brought because I have a new supply. My mum knows me very well and packed lots of goodies that me and Harriet are going to enjoy over the next few weeks, including toastie bags- I’ve missed those!

My amazing package from my Mum!

We don’t have very much planned for the coming week but sometimes that is nice as it allows us to ‘go with the flow’ a little more and just see what opportunities come our way. Whatever we do, I have no doubt it will be another very enjoyable week in Livingstone!

Naya! (‘I am leaving now’ in Bemba)